In this section of the test, you will read six tests and answer 42 questions. Choose the correct answer to each question and mark the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.

Before you start, read the sample text and the sample question below.

Sample text

Sharks are misunderstood creatures. Many people believe that all sharks are brutal killers that hunt humans, but that is not true at all. Only a handful of sharks ever attack humans, and most of them do that by mistake. In fact, most sharks ignore humans completely and seek to avoid them.

Sample Question 1

What is this text mostly about?

(A) Which sharks attack humans

(B) Why sharks often ignore humans

(C) How many sharks behave around humans

(D) What to do when you see a shark

The correct answer is (C), "How many sharks behave around humans."

Sample Question 2

Which of the following is true regarding sharks?

1. Most species of them attack humans.
2. Many of them actively hunt people.
3. A lot of them prefer to eat small sea creatures.
4. The majority of them stay away from people.

The correct answer is (D), "The majority of them stay away from people."

Question 1-6 are about the following announcement.

      All students who are enrolled in history and social studies classes this year should be aware of the following changes. We are making them because of the sudden departure of Mr. Sellers, who taught American history. Please consult the chart to note your new classrooms or instructors:

     Please be aware that the class times have not undergone any changes at all. Your classes will still meet according to the times listed on your schedule. However, either your instructor or your classroom is different from what is listed on your schedule. We apologize for any confusion that these changes may cause, but the matter is out of the school's control. Hopefully, there will not be any problems with these classes during the school year. The school will also hire a new history teacher by next semester so that our current teachers will not be so overworked.

Questions 7-12 are about the following letter.

Dear seniors,

     This year, many of you have chosen to register for advanced placement (AP) classes in the hope that you will be able to obtain college credit for the courses you take here. I·hope you understand that the workload in an AP class is much greater than the workload in a standard class. After all, you are hoping to receive college credit for the AP class or classes that you signed up for, so doing extra work should be expected.

     In fact, you will have up to twice the normal amount of work in each AP class that you are taking. Please take this into consideration when signing up for extracurricular activities or working part-time. This is particularly true for students who have enrolled in multiple AP classes. Simply put, this will be the busiest school year of your life.

     If you find the work to be excessive, you may speak with either Mr. Reginald or me anytime. Just visit his or my office, and we will help you to the best of our ability. I wish the best of luck to you all in your senior year, and may you have both academic and personal success.

Margaret Lewis

Guidance Counselor

Questions 13-18 are about the following advertisement.

Sign up for Driver's Education Classes Today

     Are you going to turn sixteen years old within the next calendar year? If you are, then you should consider signing up for driver's education classes. As long as you have a driver's permit or license, then you are qualified to take a driver's ed class with an instructor at the Elite Driving Institute.

     What are the benefits of taking a driver's education course? First of all, you will learn all about how to drive a car. We can teach you to drive an automatic or manual transmission car. You will also learn how to become a safe driver. Remember that teen­agers are involved in more accidents than people in any other age group in the country. But, by taking driver's ed classes, you can significantly reduce your chances of getting in an accident. Last, but surely not least, when you finish the course, you will qualify for discounts of up to 25% on your driver's insurance. That will definitely make your parents happy.

     If you want more information, visit our office, send us an email, or call us during regular business hours. All of our contact information is available at the bottom of this ad.

Questions 19-26 are about the following passage.

     Monsoons are seasonal shifts in wind that are typically accom­panied by a great amount of rain. Many people are aware that monsoons take place in India, East Asia, and parts of Africa. Yet monsoons are known to occur in other parts of the world as well. One lesser-known region where they take place is the American state of Arizona. During the summer months, the wind in Arizona suddenly changes direction. It stops blowing from the west or northwest and instead begins to blow from a southern or southeastern direction.

     This shift in the wind is caused by two forces. First, a high pressure system called the Bermuda High moves further to the north. At the same time, the heat­ing of the deserts in California, located west of Arizona, creates a low pressure system. The winds then blow across Arizona from the high to low pressure sys­tem. The wind shift - or monsoon - causes the weather to change in much of the state during the summer. The result is that the wind brings moist air from the Gulf of California and the Gulf of Mexico to Arizona. Large parts of Arizona, being located in the Rocky Mountains, sit at high altitudes. Because of that, the moist air gets lifted into the atmosphere and forms clouds. What happens next is that there are massive thunderstorms all across Arizona.

     The monsoon season starts in Arizona in June. Thunderstorms are common occurrences from then until sometime between July and September. However, thunderstorms do not happen every day. There are recurring cycles instead. For several days, there are no storms at all, and then there are suddenly thunderstorms for several days in a row. Local residents refer to the rainy periods as bursts and the periods without rain as breaks. By the end of September, the monsoon season in Arizona has always concluded.

     While the summer winds and rains in Arizona appear to qualify the weather conditions for status as a monsoon, there are some meteorologists who disagree. They claim that the winds do not undergo a complete reversal in direction. In­stead, the winds only reverse to some degree. In their minds, this does not make the weather phenomenon in Arizona an actual monsoon.

Questions 27-34 are about the following passage.

     In Yellowstone National Park, one of the most popular sights is Old Faithful. Approximately every ninety minutes, it shoots streams of heated water high into the air. Old Faithful is a geyser. A geyser is a natural formation that spews water from underground into the air. 

     There are three factors that must exist for a region to have geysers. The first is that the region needs an underground heat source. This often comes from molten rock - called magma -that is relatively close to the surface. The heat from the mag­ma radiates into the surrounding rock, which then raises the temperature of the water. It is for this reason that most geysers are located in volcanically active areas. 

     The second factor is that there must be an underground source of water. The water can come from various sources, including rainfall, melted snow, and groundwater. The third and final factor is the presence of underground chambers and tunnels. Rocks near volcanoes are often porous, so they have a number of cracks, tunnels, and chambers. These combine to form something like the plumbing system in a house; this results in there being many places for water to flow through the ground. At times, there are narrow cracks in the rock that go all the way to the surface. When that happens - and when there is a large chamber full of water beneath the crack - a geyser is formed. 

     In order for a geyser to erupt, the following steps take place. First, water starts gathering in an underground chamber. There, it is heated and starts to rise to the surface through cracks in the ground. As the water moves away from the heat source, it cools. This cooled water presses down on the water beneath it. The water below gets trapped and is prevented from rising. While it remains unmoving, it begins to heat again. Soon, it becomes so hot that it turns to steam. The steam pushes the cooled water up toward the surface. By this point, the chamber has collected a large amount of water, all of which has been superheated while being subjected to a lot of pressure. The water in the chamber suddenly turns into steam. This causes the steam and water above it to explode violently through the cracks leading to the surface. Sometimes a column of steam and water dozens of meters high is expelled. Some geysers, such as Old Faithful, erupt on a regular basis. Others erupt more seldom whenever the conditions are right.

Questions 35-42 are about the following passage.

     The Victoria Cross is a medal given for bravery to soldiers in the British military. It is the highest honor a British soldier can receive on the field of battle. The most Victo­ria Crosses ever awarded for a single battle is eleven. These medals were earned at the Battle of Rorke's Drift, which was fought on January 22 and 23, 1879.

     In the 1800s, the British had a heavy presence in South Africa. Rorke's Drift was a small trading post and mission station that was on the border of lands belonging to the Natal and Zulu. These were two tribes of people that lived in South Africa at the time. The Zu­lus were fierce warriors with a strong army and competent leadership. In early 1879, the British and Zulus went to war in what be­came known as the Anglo-Zulu War. The war was fought due to the British attempt to conquer Zulu lands. 

     The onset of the war saw the British suffering a great loss at the Battle of Isandlwana. During the battle, more than 10,000 Zulus defeated and killed around 1,300 British and colonial soldiers. The Zulus then marched on Rorke's Drift, which was located nearby. The station was defended by about 300 men; half were British while the other half consisted of colonial troops. The men were led by Lieutenant John Chard, a British engineer. He had his men build stout defenses around the sta­tion prior to the Zulu's arrival.

     When the battle started, the Zulu warriors were unable to breach these defenses and penetrate the station. Had they done that, the battle would have become a massacre. Yet they were kept outside the walls of the station during the entire battle. In addition, Chard's men were equipped with rifles. The Zulus, meanwhile, mostly had spears as well as a few rifles that they had seized from fallen British soldiers. The fighting lasted nearly eleven hours. Eventually, the Zulus abandoned the field of battle and retreated during the night.

     The Zulu losses were estimated to be almost 1,000 dead and wounded. Chard's force, meanwhile, only suffered seventeen deaths. However, many more were badly wounded, and just about every man had some type of minor wound. Due to their heroic efforts, eleven of the defenders, including Chard himself, were awarded the Victoria Cross. The defense of Rorke's Drift was a strategic victory as it stalled the Zulus enough to give British reinforcements time to reach the area. Eventually, they were able to defeat the Zulus and end the war.